tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4077827029026833662024-02-06T18:33:06.277-08:00Endah Jumas PriyonoEndah Jumas Priyonohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13174883787989232306noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-407782702902683366.post-70329046778511556042012-11-03T06:46:00.000-07:002012-11-10T05:36:50.059-08:00Reaksi Asam Basa Senyawa OrganikAMIDA<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Amida adalah senyawa yang sangat tidak
reaktif, karena protein terdiri dari asam amino yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan
amida. Amida tidak bereaksi dengan ion halida, ion karboksilat, alkohol, atau
air karena dalam setiap kasus, nukleofil yang masuk adalah basa lemah dari gugus
pergi amida.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Amida
dapat bereaksi dengan air dan alkohol jika campuran reaksi dipanaskan dalam<span style="background: #EBEFF9;"> </span>suasana asam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Teori orbital molekul dapat
menjelaskan mengapa amida yang tidak reaktif. Amida memiliki kontributor
resonansi penting di mana saham nitrogen satu pasangan dengan karbon karbonil,
orbital yang berisi pasangan bebas tumpang tindih orbital kosong dari gugus
karbonil. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Keadaan tumpang tindih menurunkan energi-satu
pasangan itu bukan basa atau nukleofilik-dan menimbulkan energi dari orbital
gugus karbonil, sehingga kurang reaktif terhadap nukleofil. Amida dengan
kelompok NH<sub>2</sub> bisa didehidrasi dengan sebuah nitril. Reagen dehidrasi
umumnya digunakan untuk tujuan ini adalah P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, POCl<sub>3</sub>,
dan SOCl<sub>3</sub>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hidrolisis Amida dengan katalis asam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br />
Ketika amida dihidrolisis dalam kondisi asam, proton asam dari karbonil oksigen,
meningkatkan kerentanan karbon karbonil untuk menyerang nukleofilik. Serangan
nukleofilik oleh air pada karbon karbonil menyebabkan senyawa intermediet tetrahedral
I, yang berada dalam kesetimbangan dengan bentuk bukan protonnya, intermediet tetrahedral
II. Reprotonasi dapat terjadi baik pada oksigen untuk reformasi intermediet tetrahedral
I atau pada nitrogen untuk membentuk intermediet tetrahedral III. Protonasi pada
nitrogen disukai karena kelompok NH<sub>2</sub>
tersebut merupakan basa yang lebih kuat daripada kelompok OH. Dari dua
kemungkinan gugus pergi pada kelompok intermediet tetrahedral III (-OH dan NH<sub>3</sub>),
NH<sub>3</sub> adalah basa lemah,
sehingga dilepas, membentuk asam karboksilat sebagai produk akhir. Karena reaksi
dilakukan dalam larutan asam, NH<sub>3</sub> akan terprotonasi setelah diusir dari
intermediet tetrahedral. Hal ini mencegah terjadinya reaksi berkebalikan.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mekanisme hidrolisis amida dengan
katalis asam :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Mengapa amida tidak dapat dihidrolisis
tanpa katalis? Dalam reaksi tanpa katalis, amida tidak terprotonasi. Oleh
karena itu, air, yang sangat miskin nukleofil, harus menyerang amida netral
yang jauh lebih rentan terhadap nukleofilik daripada serangan dari amida
terprotonasi. Selain itu, kelompok dari intermediat tetrahedral tidak
terprotonasi dalam reaksi tanpa katalis. Oleh karena itu, -OH adalah gugus
pergi dari tetrahedral menengah-karena –OH merupakan basa yang lemah dari –NH<sub>2</sub>
amida reformasi tersebut. Sebuah amida bereaksi
dengan alkohol dalam suasana asam untuk alasan yang sama akan bereaksi dengan
air dalam suasana asam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">masalah: </span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Dari buku yang saya baca, larutan air amina
bersifat basa dan larutan amida dapat dikatakan netral . padahal diketahui
bahwa amina dan amida masing-masing mempunyai nitrogen dengan sepasang elektron
bebas. Mengapa bisa terjadi hal demikian?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Bagaimana mekanisme rekasi yang terjadi jika amida (asam
lemah) di reaksikan dengan amina (basa), apakah perlu di butuhkan suatu katalis
agar reaksi dapat berlangsung? apakah dapat menghasilkan suatu garam?</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Bagaimana mekanisme reaksi yang terjadi jika suatu amida
di reaksikan dengan alkohol dalam suasana basa, jika selama ini yang sering di
reaksikan adalah amida dengan alkohol dalam suasana asam</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
Endah Jumas Priyonohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13174883787989232306noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-407782702902683366.post-10016247634214030982012-11-02T07:20:00.000-07:002012-11-10T05:43:56.586-08:00REAKSI OKSIDATIF PADA HIDROKARBONOksidasi Alkohol<br />
<br />
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Oksidasi jenis-jenis alkohol (primer, sekunder dan tersier)</span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Agen pengoksidasi yang digunakan pada reaksi-reaksi ini biasanya
adalah sebuah larutan natrium atau kalium dikromat(V)) yang diasamkan dengan
asam sulfat encer. Jika oksidasi terjadi, larutan orange yang mengandung
ion-ion dikromat(VI) direduksi menjadi sebuah larutan hijau yang mengandung
ion-ion kromium(III).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Persamaan setengah-reaksi untuk reaksi ini adalah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9MWggAfEOhJgW5YCcDw797GptF0N8Zpj4403KlST_Kszdzs_MP8AhOuFdSTUPdxIi8hQU-_F7l_RbWG6VdTI8DbW6TAGug1zFdPoGSCAsyrNJxPCN2lQ6k7Fex1HcPTkv_Aczfu34bew/s1600/oksidasi+1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="17" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh9MWggAfEOhJgW5YCcDw797GptF0N8Zpj4403KlST_Kszdzs_MP8AhOuFdSTUPdxIi8hQU-_F7l_RbWG6VdTI8DbW6TAGug1zFdPoGSCAsyrNJxPCN2lQ6k7Fex1HcPTkv_Aczfu34bew/s320/oksidasi+1.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Alkohol
primer</span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Alkohol primer bisa dioksidasi baik menjadi aldehid maupun asam
karboksilat tergantung pada kondisi-kondisi reaksi. Untuk pembentukan asam
karboksisat, alkohol pertama-tama dioksidasi menjadi sebuah aldehid yang
selanjutnya dioksidasi lebih lanjut menjadi asam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><i style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Oksidasi
parsial menjadi aldehid</span></i></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Oksidasi alkohol akan menghasilkan aldehid jika digunakan
alkohol yang berlebihan, dan aldehid bisa dipisahkan melalui distilasi sesaat
setelah terbentuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Alkohol yang berlebih berarti bahwa tidak ada agen pengoksidasi
yang cukup untuk melakukan tahap oksidasi kedua. Pemisahan aldehid sesegera
mungkin setelah terbentuk berarti bahwa tidak tinggal menunggu untuk dioksidasi
kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Jika
digunakan etanol sebagai sebuah alkohol primer sederhana, maka akan dihasilkan
aldehid etanal, CH</span><sub style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">3</span></sub><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">CHO.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Persamaan lengkap untuk reaksi ini agak rumit, dan kita perlu
memahami tentang persamaan setengah-reaksi untuk menyelesaikannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Dalam kimia organik, versi-versi sederhana dari reaksi ini
sering digunakan dengan berfokus pada apa yang terjadi terhadap zat-zat organik
yang terbentuk. Untuk melakukan ini, oksigen dari sebuah agen pengoksidasi
dinyatakan sebagai [O]. Penulisan ini dapat menghasilkan persamaan reaksi yang
lebih sederhana:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW37mCCT0sL0geW0yMATb5AjnW3gWYOrpYz0ppRxK4j0D9iZLdHkXktcQm7y78ig8tzMldivyWHOVHswgDsGdI3tz8PWyZPFn1wSwfaA9Q7pQahITTJC3l0A0AjtY6au4o0rKBNJvnik4/s1600/oksidasi+3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW37mCCT0sL0geW0yMATb5AjnW3gWYOrpYz0ppRxK4j0D9iZLdHkXktcQm7y78ig8tzMldivyWHOVHswgDsGdI3tz8PWyZPFn1wSwfaA9Q7pQahITTJC3l0A0AjtY6au4o0rKBNJvnik4/s320/oksidasi+3.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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o:spid="_x0000_i1040" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/sifat/padding.gif"
style='width:30pt;height:11.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title="padding"/>
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o:spid="_x0000_i1039" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/sifat/makealdsimple.gif"
style='width:224.25pt;height:67.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ACER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.gif"
o:title="makealdsimple"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Penulisan ini juga dapat membantu dalam mengingat apa yang
terjadi selama reaksi berlangsung. Kita bisa membuat sebuah struktur sederhana
yang menunjukkan hubungan antara alkohol primer dengan aldehid yang terbentuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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o:spid="_x0000_i1038" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/sifat/padding.gif"
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o:title="padding"/>
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o:spid="_x0000_i1037" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/sifat/makealddiag.gif"
style='width:221.25pt;height:54.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ACER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.gif"
o:title="makealddiag"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><i style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><i style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Oksidasi
sempurna menjadi asam karboksilat</span></i></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Untuk melangsungkan oksidasi sempurna, kita perlu menggunakan
agen pengoksidasi yang berlebih dan memastikan agar aldehid yang terbentuk pada
saat produk setengah-jalan tetap berada dalam campuran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Alkohol dipanaskan dibawah refluks dengan agen pengoksidasi
berlebih. Jika reaksi telah selesai, asam karboksilat bisa dipisahkan dengan
distilasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Persamaan reaksi sempurna untuk oksidasi etanol menjadi asam
etanoat adalah sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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style='width:30pt;height:11.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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style='width:282pt;height:24.75pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Persamaan reaksi yang lebih sederhana biasa dituliskan sebagai
berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoCuRQJY4NNeMgoGZyO-l9vIuqe9EfSTbzQEKVO_bHcGpb1b2vyS5s5tv0ur2XG7yaVKF3_CIkhMVy06WSA9br1LHWhiKzTq4kk5KUtf80cq-2UJeL9gM-eTZEKLqeQmGy6Qi2UnkTIjA/s1600/oksidasi+6.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="18" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjoCuRQJY4NNeMgoGZyO-l9vIuqe9EfSTbzQEKVO_bHcGpb1b2vyS5s5tv0ur2XG7yaVKF3_CIkhMVy06WSA9br1LHWhiKzTq4kk5KUtf80cq-2UJeL9gM-eTZEKLqeQmGy6Qi2UnkTIjA/s320/oksidasi+6.gif" width="320" /></a></div>
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o:spid="_x0000_i1034" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/sifat/padding.gif"
style='width:30pt;height:11.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ACER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif"
o:title="padding"/>
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o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/sifat/makeacidsimple1.gif"
style='width:231.75pt;height:13.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title="makeacidsimple1"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Atau, kita bisa menuliskan persamaan terpisah untuk dua tahapan
reaksi, yakni pembentukan etanal dan selanjutnya oksidasinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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o:spid="_x0000_i1032" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/sifat/padding.gif"
style='width:30pt;height:11.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="http://www.chem-is-try.org/wp-content/migrated_images/sifat/makeacidsimple2.gif"
style='width:224.25pt;height:42pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title="makeacidsimple2"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Reaksi yang terjadi pada tahap kedua adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Alkohol
sekunder</span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Alkohol sekunder dioksidasi menjadi keton. Sebagai contoh, jika
alkohol sekunder, propan-2-ol, dipanaskan dengan larutan natrium atau kalium
dikromat(VI) yang diasamkan dengan asam sulfat encer, maka akan terbentuk
propanon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Perubahan-perubahan pada kondisi reaksi tidak akan dapat merubah
produk yang terbentuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Dengan menggunakan persamaan reaksi yang sederhana, yang
menunjukkan hubungan antara struktur, dapat dituliskan sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Jika anda melihat kembali tahap kedua reaksi alkohol primer,
anda akan melihat bahwa ada sebuah atom oksigen yang "disisipkan"
antara atom karbon dan atom hidrogen dalam gugus aldehid untuk menghasilkan
asam karboksilat. Untuk alkohol sekunder, tidak ada atom hidrogen semacam ini,
sehingga reaksi berlangsung lebih cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Alkohol
tersier</span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Alkohol-alkohol tersier tidak dapat dioksidasi oleh natrium atau
kalium dikromat(VI). Bahkan tidak ada reaksi yang terjadi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Jika anda memperhatikan apa yang terjadi dengan alkohol primer
dan sekunder, anda akan melibat bahwa agen pengoksidasi melepaskan hidrogen
dari gugus -OH, dan sebuah atom hidrogen dari atom karbon terikat pada gugus
-OH. Alkohol tersier tidak memiliki sebuah atom hidrogen yang terikat pada atom
karbon tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Anda perlu melepaskan kedua atom hidrogen khusus tersebut untuk
membentuk ikatan rangkap C=O.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Penggunaan
reaksi-reaksi oksidasi alkohol sebagai sebuah reaksi uji untuk jenis-jenis
alkohol (primer, sekunder dan tersier).</span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Melakukan
reaksi uji</span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Pertama-tama anda harus memastikan bahwa larutan yang akan anda
uji benar-benar adalah alkohol dengan cara menguji keberadaan gugus -OH di
dalam larutan. Anda juga perlu menentukan bahwa cairan tersebut adalah cairan
netral, bebas dari air sehingga bereaksi dengan fosfor(V) klorida menghasilkan
asap-asap hidrogen klorida yang mengandung air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Selanjutnya anda akan menambahkan beberapa tetes alkohol ke
dalam sebuah tabung uji yang mengandung larutan kalium dikromat(VI) yang telah
diasamkan dengan asam sulfat encer. Tabung tersebut akan dipanaskan di sebuah
penangas air panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Hasil
untuk masing-masing jenis alkohol</span></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><i style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Alkohol
tersier</span></i></b><span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Untuk alkohol primer atau sekunder, warna orange larutan akan
berubah menjadi hijau. Sedangkan untuk alkohol tersier tidak ada perubahan
warna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; outline-color: initial; outline-style: initial; outline-width: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #555555; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt;">Setelah pemanasan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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masalah :</div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Mengapa pada sewaktu alkohol dioksidasi menjadi
aldehida atau keton dan kemudian menjadi asam karboksilat, jumlah ikatan di
antara atom karbon reaktif dan atom oksigen meningkat dari satu menjadi dua dan
menjadi tiga?<br />
2. diketahui bahwa alkohol primer jika dioksidasi menghsasilkan aldehida dan jika di oksidasi lebih lanjut akan menghasilkan asam karboksilat. kemudian alkohol sekunder. jika dioksidasi akan menghasilkan keton. dari artikel yang saya baca, alkohol tersier tidak dapat menjalani jenis oksidasi ini, maka pertanyaannya adalah jenis oksidasi yang bagaimana yang dapat mengoksidasi senyawa alkohol tersier, dan zat pengoksidasi apa yang di gunakan.<br />
<br />
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Endah Jumas Priyonohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13174883787989232306noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-407782702902683366.post-36521092008507727362012-10-19T06:32:00.001-07:002012-10-20T18:34:03.223-07:00REAKSI ADISI PADA ALKENA<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Adisi artinya
penambahan. Jadi, reaksi adisi adalah penambahan jumlah atom yang diikat oleh
atom C yang semula berikatan rangkap. Reaksi adisi ini terjadi pada senyawa
yang mempunyai ikatan rangkap (dua atau tiga), sehingga senyawa tersebut
berubah menjadi senyawa yang tidak memiliki ikatan rangkap.</span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Jadi, dapat
dikatakan juga bahwa reaksi adisi merupakan reaksi penjenuhan (penghilangan
ikatan rangkap). Ikatan rangkap yang terdapat dalam suatu senyawa dapat berupa
ikatan C=C, C^C, C=0, atau C=N. Secara umum reaksi adisi untuk senyawa alkena
dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=407782702902683366" name="more"></a></span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk X dan Y dapat
sangat bervariasi, sehingga reaksi adisi terhadap senyawa alkena merupakan yang
terbanyak jenisnya dibandingkan senyawa hidrokarbon lainnya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;">1) Reaksi Adisi Alkena oleh
Hidrogen</span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi adisi oleh
hidrogen disebut juga reaksi hidrogenasi. Reaksinya dapat digambarkan sebagai
berikut.</span></div>
</span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsImHxz46HrPVUDtdyOKAnAfDeUBdTRTbzrtOryPDPeDAM8LbboKL3Kgva0WtVRrXQCM3eXzu0g_dAcBrcLUTi_XoOK1D6VGLjpDGmPaRPOzDj5P8p4GU9TQxlEvvtpV6PnIHL5CySpMY/s1600/reaksi+adisi+alkena+2.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhsImHxz46HrPVUDtdyOKAnAfDeUBdTRTbzrtOryPDPeDAM8LbboKL3Kgva0WtVRrXQCM3eXzu0g_dAcBrcLUTi_XoOK1D6VGLjpDGmPaRPOzDj5P8p4GU9TQxlEvvtpV6PnIHL5CySpMY/s320/reaksi+adisi+alkena+2.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Hidorgen mengadisi alkena dengan katalis yang sesuai. Proses ini disebut hidrogenasi.</span><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Katalis biasanya berupa serbuk halus logam, seperti nikel, platinum, atau paladium. Logam ini menyerap (</span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">adsorb</i><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">) gas hidrogen pada permukaannya dan mengaktifkan ikatan hidrogen-hidrogen. Kedua atom hidrogen biasanya menhgadisi dari permukaan kartalis kemuka yang sama dari ikatan rangkap. Contohnya, 1,2-dimetilsiklopentana terutama menghasilkan </span><i style="font-size: 12pt;">cis</i><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;"> 1,2-dimetilsiklopentana</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"></span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12pt;">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><b style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;">2)Reaksi Adisi Alkena oleh Halogen<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;"></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: normal; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Reaksi adisi oleh halogen disebut sebagai reaksi halogenasi. Jika halogennya berupa klorin (Cl2) disebut klorinasi, jika halogennya bromin (Br,) disebut reaksi brominasi. Reaksinya dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut.</span></div>
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18px;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt;">Reaksi brominasi etena:</span></div>
</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b></b></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi brominasi
digunakan untuk membedakan golongan alkena dan alkana. Gas etena jika
dilewatkan ke dalam air brom (berwarna cokelat kemerahan), maka akan bereaksi
membentuk larutan 1,2-dibromoetana yang tidak berwarna. Alkana tidak
mempengaruhi warna air brom ketika senyawa itu dilewatkan ke dalamnya.</span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
</span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi iodinasi
etena:</span></div>
</span>
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; line-height: 18px;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ehMTS__2FcpPuVFDyX1WiO9ZtVC1VOzDJU0s0mCFuf52yG254WeBKpzMyRTYPXZovDifWN9w_dbEEUWdjb9afJ8o1QDUaeRgrgVaHSuHtBTjnTLbJNYbJTT4aGAi4ztJODwOsbxlNf4/s1600/etena+4.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="102" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2ehMTS__2FcpPuVFDyX1WiO9ZtVC1VOzDJU0s0mCFuf52yG254WeBKpzMyRTYPXZovDifWN9w_dbEEUWdjb9afJ8o1QDUaeRgrgVaHSuHtBTjnTLbJNYbJTT4aGAi4ztJODwOsbxlNf4/s320/etena+4.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3) Reaksi
Adisi Alkena oleh Asam Halida</span></b></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi adisi oleh
asam halida disebut reaksi hidrohalogenasi. Reaksinya dapat digambarkan sebagai
berikut.</span></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">
<div style="text-align: left;">
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><div style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berbagai asam mengadisi ikatan rangkap
alkena. Ion hidrogen (atau proton) mengadisi satu karbon pembawa ikatan
rangkap, dan sisa asamnya akan terhubung dengan atom karbon lainnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asam yang mengadisi dengan cara ini
ialah halida-halida hidrogen (HF, HCl, HBr, HI) dan asam sulfat (H-OSO<sub>3</sub>H).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="background: white;">4) Reaksi Adisi Alkena oleh Air</span></b></span></div>
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<span style="background: white;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi adisi oleh
air disebut juga reaksi hidrasi. Selain alkena dan air, dalam reaksi ini juga
diperlukan asam (H ,S0,, atau H ,P04) dan katalis. Reaksi hidrasi dapat
digambarkan sebagai berikut.</span></div>
</span>
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o:title="adisi"/>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHUWgVSb3q9Gwsj7SfkV0NkFoqzkbgPn82QLMHmKQlfPUQi4IGvhSGQ_47T_J1w1WE6ym1J1vL6kczEjHXHI4nxeRe7hTjGxX4e4CQpPOzfgRf4tEIkRy4S5t4xnJr1LXsoxOLJ_RAunY/s1600/adisi+6.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHUWgVSb3q9Gwsj7SfkV0NkFoqzkbgPn82QLMHmKQlfPUQi4IGvhSGQ_47T_J1w1WE6ym1J1vL6kczEjHXHI4nxeRe7hTjGxX4e4CQpPOzfgRf4tEIkRy4S5t4xnJr1LXsoxOLJ_RAunY/s320/adisi+6.PNG" width="320" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Reaksi adisi alkena
banyak digunakan dalam industri pembuatan etanol dari fermentasi glukosa.</span></div>
</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SUMBER: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.sentra-edukasi.com/2012/05/reaksi-adisi-dalam-kimia.html#.UIFAYaxKpV0">http://www.sentra-edukasi.com/2012/05/reaksi-adisi-dalam-kimia.html#.UIFAYaxKpV0</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background: white; color: #666666; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hart, Harold dkk.
2003.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><i>Kimia Organik Edisi Kesebelas</i>. Jakarta: Erlangga <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masalah Yang di Dapat :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan
artikel di atas dan buku yang saya baca, reaksi adisi asam pada alkena menggunakan
asam halida dan asam sulfat. Kebanyakan asam yang di gunakan adalah jenis asam
kuat. Diketahui pada asam halida,
terdapat HF yang merupakan asam lemah. Yang menjadi pertanyaan adalah apakah
asam lemah dari asam-asam yang lain dapat juga bereaksi dengan alkena? Bagaimana
reaksi yang terbentuk?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=407782702902683366" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=407782702902683366" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=407782702902683366" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=407782702902683366" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=407782702902683366" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=407782702902683366" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=407782702902683366" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan
artikel di atas pada reaksi adisi hidrogen, dikatakan bahwa kedua atom hidrogen
biasanya mengadisi dari permukaan katalis ke muka yang sama dari ikatan rangkap.
Yang menjadi pertanyaan, bagaimana jika atom-atom hidrogen mengadisi dari
permukaan katalis yang berbeda? Dan bagaimana pula rekasi yang terjadi?</span></div>
</div>
Endah Jumas Priyonohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13174883787989232306noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-407782702902683366.post-44260913896498386652012-10-11T21:42:00.001-07:002012-10-12T01:45:26.568-07:00Etil Alkohol<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebanyakan alkohol alifatik digunakan di
laboratorium. Salah satunya adalah etil alkohol (etanol). Etil alkohol adalah
alkohol terpenting dengan titik didih 78,5 <sup>0</sup>C. Juga disebut alkohol
fermentasi bebijian, karena sebagian besar etil alkkohol masih diproduksi
melalui ferrmentasi gula. Etil allkohol digunakan dalam minuman. Kita belajar
dari bukti arkeologi bahwa penghuni gua mempunyai keahlian dalam hal
fermentasi. Sejak dulu manusia selalu menyempurnakan keahlian tersebut. Hampir
semua jenis buah dan sayuran telah di fermentasi; jagung, gandum, ubi jalar,
beras, anggur, tomat, bunga, rumput, buah buni, ceri, kentang, bahkan daging
tanaman kaktus. Etil alkohol sendiri tidak berasa dan tidak berbau. Perbedaan
rasa dalam minuman beralkohol berasal dari produk lain yang terbentuk selama
proses fermentasi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Salah satu produk alkohol adalah minyak fusel, yaitu
campuran propil, isopropil, dan alkohol rantai lurus dan bercabang. Minyak fusel
sering beracun dan merupakan salah satu penyebab tidak enak badan (seperti
mabuk) setelah diminum. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebanyakan etil alkohol yang dihasilkan atau
digunakan dalam industri berasal dari fermentasi pati jagung dan gula tebu.
Etil alkohol adalah bahan kimia industri yang murah; mahal harga minuman
beralkohol disebabkan oleh pajak pemerintah berdasarkan kadar alkohol <i>(proof)</i>. Nilai <i>proof</i> alkohol adalah dua kali kadar alkohol. Misalnya spiritus, 100
<i>proof</i> mengandung 50% etil alkohol.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Guna etil alkohol lainnya adalah sebagai pelarut,
sebagai antiseptik topikal, dan sebagai bahan baku pembuatan eter dan etil
ester. Etanol juga dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar (gasohol).</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">referensi:</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Hart, Harold dkk. 2003. <i>Kimia Organik Edisi Kesebelas</i>. Jakarta: Erlangga </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Wilbraham, Antony C. dkk. 1999. <i>Kimia Organik dan Hayati.</i> Penerbit : ITB</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Masalah yang di dapat:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, masih ada beberapa ibu
rumah tangga yang belum berani untuk menggunakan bahan bakar berupa gas LPG.
Hal ini dikarenakan kebanyakan ibu rumah tangga masih takut untuk menggunakan
gas LPG akibat sering kali terjadi kelalaian sehingga menyebabkan ledakan. Maka
masih ada sebagian ibu rumah tangga yang menggunakan bahan bakar minyak tanah,
padahal pemerintah telah menganjurkan untuk menggunakan gas LPG, dikarenakan
minyak tanah sudah mulai langka. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Maka, apakah Etil alkohol (etanol) yang telah lama
digunakan sebagai bahan bakar kendaraan, dapat juga di buat sebagai bahan bakar
rumah tangga pengganti minyak tanah?</span></div>
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Endah Jumas Priyonohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13174883787989232306noreply@blogger.com9